References

References:

1. Rao M.N. and Dutta, Waste Water Treatment, Oxford and IBM Publications Ltd.
2. Eckenfelder, WW., Industrial waste Pollution control. Me Graw Hill Book Co.
3. C.S Rao, Environmental Pollution Control Engineering, Wiley Eastern Ltd., New Delhi.
4. M.N. Rao, H. V.N. Rao, Air Pollution Control, Tata McGraw Hill
5. Sincero and Sincere, Environmental Engineering, Prentice hall of India.
6. Kelley,Environmental Engineering, McGraw Hill Publication.
7. NPTEL video lecture by Dr. Ligy Philip
8. Industrial waste management web notes by I W M Srinivas (GITAM university
9. Handbook of water and wastewater treatment technologies - Nicholas P. Cheremisinoff, Butterworth-Heinemann publications
10. Waste treatment in the process industries - edited by Lawrence K. Wang, Yung-Se Hung, Howard H. Lo, Constantine Yapijakis, CRC press
11. Waste to resources: A waste management handbook, The Energy Resources Institute, 2014
12. Lectures and presentations by Dr. Shrikant Jahagirdar, Head of Department (Civil Engineering) at NKOCET, Solapur, Maharashtra
13. An introduction to stack sampling - Wallace, Saskechewan Research Council 2013
14. Treatment of waste generated from waste generated from cement industry - Kuldeep Sharma, Ujjwal Jain, Anupam Singhal, BITS Pilani
15. Guidelines for abatement of waste from textile industry, Rajasthan State Pollution Control Board
16. Textile dyeing wastewater treatment - Zongping Wang, Miaomiao Xue, Kai Huang and Zizheng Liu, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China published by InTechOpen
17. Industrial wastewater treatment - Rein Munter
18. "Parivesh" A newsletter from ENVIS center, CPCB
19. Physico-chemical analysis of wastewater from cement units - D. Freeda Gnana Rani, K. Arunkumar, & S.R. Sivakumar, Jr. of Industrial Pollution Control - Enviromedia
20. Hazardous Material (Management, Handling and Transboundary movement) Rules published by Government of India, MoEF
21. Industrial Waste Treatment Handbook - Frank Woodard
22. Industrial Wastewater Treatment - NG Wun Jern, Imperial College Press
23. Industrial wastewater - UNESCO - Encyclopedia Of Life Support Systems
24. Industrial wastewater - Abdulrzzak Alturkmani
25. Liquid waste from industry - theories, practice and treatment - Numersorn N.L
26. Handbook of water and wastewater treatment plant operations - Frank R. Spellman, Lewis publishers

Generalised EIA process flowchart

Manufacturing processes & Wastewater characteristics for Cement industry

Manufacturing processes & Wastewater characteristics for Cement industry
The major contaminant from cement industry is SPM and RSPM in the form of dust due to mining and grinding operations involved in the process. Hence, cement industries contribute to air pollution and virtually zero water pollution.
Cement is a compound madeup of

• calcium oxide and 
• silicon dioxide along with 
• aluminium oxide, 
• ferric oxide and 
• magnesium oxide. 

 Raw materials required for the manufacture of cement are

• lime
• sand
• clay
• shale
• iron ore and
• blast furnace slag

In order to manufacture cement, the raw materials are passed through the following six phases:

• Raw material extraction / Quarrying
• Grinding, Proportioning and blending
• Pre-heater phase
• Kiln phase
• Cooling and final grinding
• Packing and shipping

Several cement plants have made a sustained effort in controlling and regulating emissions by using air pollution control devices like electrostatic precipitators and bag filters. Fugitive emissions in cement plants is still a problem

• In cement industries, water is used only for cooling operation of manufacturing operation. Process wastewater with high pH and suspended solids may be generated in some operations. Water used for cooling is recycled and reused. Screening along with settling basin and clarifier is used for reduction of suspended solids. Treated water from wastewater treatment plant is used for development of green belt which helps in reducing noise pollution. Storm water flowing through pet-coke, coal and waste material stock piles exposed to the open air may become contaminated with high amount of sulphates, toxic metals like zinc, lead and chromium present in dust. Contaminated water from cement manufacturing industry may leach into the ground and contaminate groundwater with excessive TDS.
• The major sources of contaminants in water due to cement industry are:

1. Cooling water and
2. Wet scrubbing of kiln dust that yields an effluent with a high 
1. pH value
2. Alkalinity
3. Suspended and dissolved solids like sulphates and potassium

The flowchart for manufacturing process in the cement industry is shown below:

Manufacturing processes & Wastewater characteristics for Distilleries

Manufacturing processes & Wastewater characteristics for Distilleries

Manufacturing processes & Wastewater characteristics for Sugar industries

Manufacturing processes & Wastewater characteristics for Sugar industries
The process of manufacturing sugar involves the following processes:

1. Growing and harvesting cane
2. Cane preparation for milling
3. Milling
4. Clarification
5. Evaporation
6. Crystallization
7. Centrifugation
8. Drying
9. Refining

Beet sugar processing is similar except that it is done in one continuous process. Sugar beets are washed, sliced and soaked in hot water to separate the sugar containing juice from the beet fiber. The sugar laden juice is then purified, filtered, concentrated and dried in a series of steps similar to cane sugar processing. The process flowcharts are shown below:

Manufacturing processes & Wastewater characteristics for Fertilizer industry

Manufacturing processes & Wastewater characteristics for Fertilizer industry

Manufacturing processes & Wastewater characteristics for Thermal power plants

Manufacturing processes & Wastewater characteristics for Thermal power plants